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הרפורמציה: הפילוג הגדול של הנצרות

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🔥 הקונטרה-רפורמציה: כיצד הכנסייה הקתולית נלחמה בסכנה הפרוטסטנטית

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הקונטרה-רפורמציה - הכנסייה הקתולית מתחדשת 🧯

כשהבית שלך נשרף, אתה קם ובונה אותו מחדש - וזה בדיוק מה שעשתה הכנסייה הקתולית! 🧯

מול התפשטות הפרוטסטנטיות, הכנסייה הקתולית פתחה במבצע התחדשות והתחזקות - הקונטרה-רפורמציה (הרפורמה שכנגד). האפיפיור פאולוס השלישי כינס את ועידת טרנטו הגדולה (1545-1563), שבה גיבשה הכנסייה את עקרונותיה מחדש. 📋

מצד אחד, הכנסייה תיקנה את הליקויים: ביטלה את מכירת שטרי המחילה, אסרה מכירת משרות כנסייתיות, השביחה את חינוך הכמרים, והידקה את המשמעת.

מצד שני, היא דחתה את כל רעיונות לותר: היא קבעה שהסמכות היא גם המסורת (לא רק התנ"ך), שהישועה באה גם ממעשים טובים (לא רק מאמונה), ושהאפיפיור צודק בפרשנותו. ⚔️

נשק חשוב בקרב היה מסדר הישועים (Jesuits) - מסדר נזירים חדש שהקים איגנציוס מלויולה ב-1540. הישועים היו "חיילי המשיח" - מחונכים היטב, דיסציפלינריים ונאמנים עד מוות לאפיפיור.

הם הקימו בתי ספר מצוינים, ניהלו ויכוחים תיאולוגיים והצליחו להחזיר חלקים מגרמניה ופולין לקתוליות. 🎭

הכנסייה גם הפעילה כלים נוספים: האינקוויזיציה חודשה לחקירת כפירה, פורסם "אינדקס" של ספרים אסורים לקריאה, ואומנות הבארוק עם הפאר והדרמטיות שלה גויסה לעורר רגש דתי.

בסופו של דבר, הקונטרה-רפורמציה עצרה את התפשטות הפרוטסטנטיות והכנסייה הקתולית יצאה מחוזקת פנימית - אך אירופה נותרה מפולגת דתית.

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